Heat olive oil in a large pot over medium-high heat. Add chicken pieces, season with salt and pepper, and sauté until browned, about 4-5 minutes. Remove chicken and set aside.
Add onion, red bell pepper, yellow bell pepper, and celery to the pot. Sauté for 5-7 minutes until softened.
Add minced garlic, Cajun seasoning, and cayenne pepper. Stir for about 1 minute until fragrant.
Pour in chicken broth and return the browned chicken to the pot. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat and let it simmer for 15 minutes.
Stir in heavy cream and sweet corn. Allow to simmer for another 5 minutes.
If desired, add cornstarch slurry to thicken the soup. Stir until thickened.
Add cooked rice and heat through for 5 minutes. Adjust seasoning with salt and pepper as needed.
Serve hot, garnished with green onions and parsley.
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Notes
Store leftovers in an airtight container in the refrigerator for up to 3-4 days.